{"id":1743,"date":"2021-12-01T06:00:37","date_gmt":"2021-12-01T05:00:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.astro-novinky.eu\/?p=1743"},"modified":"2021-11-29T20:29:58","modified_gmt":"2021-11-29T19:29:58","slug":"opavsti-fyzikove-studuji-jak-ochranit-lidstvo-pred-nebezpecnym-zarenim-cernych-der-a-vyuzit-jej-v-jeho-prospech","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.astro-novinky.eu\/index.php\/2021\/12\/01\/opavsti-fyzikove-studuji-jak-ochranit-lidstvo-pred-nebezpecnym-zarenim-cernych-der-a-vyuzit-jej-v-jeho-prospech\/","title":{"rendered":"Opav\u0161t\u00ed fyzikov\u00e9 studuj\u00ed, jak ochr\u00e1nit lidstvo p\u0159ed nebezpe\u010dn\u00fdm z\u00e1\u0159en\u00edm \u010dern\u00fdch d\u011br a vyu\u017e\u00edt jej v jeho prosp\u011bch"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"Superhmotn\u00e1<\/a>
Superhmotn\u00e1 \u010dern\u00e1 d\u00edra obklopen\u00e1 diskem hmoty vyza\u0159uje vysokoenergetick\u00e9 z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed z tzv. jet\u016f. Um\u011bleck\u00e1 p\u0159edstava: ESO<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Superhmotn\u00e9 \u010dern\u00e9 d\u00edry mohou b\u00fdt dobr\u00fdm sluhou, ale rovn\u011b\u017e i velmi zl\u00fdm p\u00e1nem pro mo\u017en\u00e9 civilizace v\u00a0cel\u00e9 Galaxii. Nov\u00e1 studie opavsk\u00fdch fyzik\u016f poukazuje na t\u0159i typy produkce energie v\u00a0bl\u00edzkosti \u010dern\u00fdch d\u011br, tj. t\u0159i varianty tzv. Penroseova procesu<\/em>. Z t\u011bchto proces\u016f by bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 v\u00a0budoucnu t\u011b\u017eit obrovsk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed energie; stejn\u00e9 procesy mohou ale v\u00e9st k\u00a0fat\u00e1ln\u00edmu \u00faniku siln\u00e9 radiace a ohro\u017een\u00ed \u017eivota v\u00a0jak\u00e9koliv galaxii. Fyzikov\u00e9 z\u00a0Opavy tedy studuj\u00ed nejen mo\u017enosti vyu\u017eit\u00ed tohoto gigantick\u00e9ho zdroje energie, ale i to, jak zjistit mo\u017en\u00fd unik energie a ochr\u00e1nit civilizaci.<\/p>\n

Tiskov\u00e1 zpr\u00e1va Fyzk\u00e1ln\u00edho \u00fastavu v Opav\u011b z 1. prosince 2021.<\/em><\/p>\n

Tzv. superhmotn\u00e9 \u010dern\u00e9 d\u00edry, kter\u00e9 se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed uprost\u0159ed galaxi\u00ed, jsou z\u00e1sob\u00e1rnou <\/strong>gigantick\u00e9ho mno\u017estv\u00ed energie<\/strong><\/a>. Mechanismy generov\u00e1n\u00ed t\u00e9to energie popisuje ve sv\u00e9 nov\u00e9 v\u011bdeck\u00e9 pr\u00e1ci t\u00fdm fyzik\u016f z\u00a0Fyzik\u00e1ln\u00edho \u00fastavu v\u00a0Opav\u011b: prof. Zden\u011bk Stuchl\u00edk<\/em>, Arman Tursunov<\/em> a Martin Kolo\u0161<\/em>. Zam\u011b\u0159ili se na d\u016fsledky tzv. Penroseov\u00fdch proces\u016f<\/em>, tedy na popis z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed energie v\u00a0okol\u00ed \u010dern\u00fdch d\u011br. <\/strong>Ji\u017e v\u202froce 1969 britsk\u00fd fyzik Roger Penrose (nar. v\u00a0roce 1931)<\/em>, nositel Nobelovy ceny za fyziku v\u00a0roce 2020<\/a>, zjistil, \u017ee v\u202fokol\u00ed rotuj\u00edc\u00ed \u010dern\u00e9 d\u00edry se d\u00e1 z\u00edskat obrovsk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed energie d\u00edky jevu zn\u00e1m\u00e9mu jako \u201estrh\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed \u010dasoprostoru\u201c.<\/p>\n

Ob\u0159\u00ed energie ukryt\u00e1 v\u00a0magnetick\u00e9m poli<\/h4>\n

V roce 1977 fyzici Roger Blandford<\/em> a Roman Znajek<\/em> p\u0159i\u0161li s<\/strong>\u202fteori<\/strong>\u00ed, <\/strong>\u017ee energii m<\/strong>\u016f\u017ee poskytnout rotuj<\/strong>\u00edc<\/strong>\u00ed <\/strong>\u010dern<\/strong>\u00e1 d<\/strong>\u00edra v magnetick\u00e9m poli.<\/strong> Linie magnetick\u00e9ho pole se vlivem strh\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed \u010dasoprostoru zkrout\u00ed a vytvo\u0159\u00ed efektivn\u00ed elektrick\u00fd n\u00e1boj. Jak se n\u00e1boj vyb\u00edj\u00ed, rota\u010dn\u00ed energie \u010dern\u00e9 d\u00edry se extrahuje ven. U typick\u00e9 superhmotn\u00e9 \u010dern\u00e9 d\u00edry (o hmotnosti \u0159\u00e1dov\u011b miliard hmotnost\u00ed Slunce) mluv\u00edme o energii p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 1055<\/sup> joul\u016f, co\u017e je sto bilionkr\u00e1t (tedy o 14 \u0159\u00e1d\u016f!) v\u00edce ne\u017e kolik energie je v dan\u00e9m okam\u017eiku pot\u0159eba pro na\u0161i civilizaci na Zemi! To je ov\u0161em jen jeden z\u00a0proces\u016f, tzv. magnetick\u00fd<\/em>, jeho\u017e efektivita roste s\u00a0hmotnost\u00ed \u010dern\u00e9 d\u00edry a intenzitou okoln\u00edho magnetick\u00e9ho pole.<\/p>\n

\u201eNeposlu\u0161n\u00e9\u201c \u010d\u00e1stice nut\u00ed \u010dernou d\u00edru z\u00e1\u0159it<\/h4>\n
\"Superhmotn\u00e9<\/a>
Superhmotn\u00e9 \u010dern\u00e9 d\u00edry mohou produkovat velmi siln\u00e9 a \u017eivotu nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9 z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed, kter\u00e9 dok\u00e1\u017ee zahubit civilizace v cel\u00e9 galaxii. Um\u011bleck\u00e1 p\u0159edstava: ESO<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u201e\u010cern\u00e1 d\u00edra m\u016f\u017ee ale uvol\u0148ovat energii jen pomoc\u00ed z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed nabit\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1stice, a to ze slupky, kterou naz\u00fdv\u00e1me ergosf\u00e9ra. To je z\u00f3na \u010dern\u00e9 d\u00edry nad horizontem ud\u00e1lost\u00ed, z\u00a0n\u00ed\u017e \u010d\u00e1stice je\u0161t\u011b mohou uniknout<\/em>,\u201c popisuje dr. Arman Tursunov, jeden ze spoluautor\u016f pr\u00e1ce. Vysv\u011btluje, \u017ee aby se z\u00a0\u010dern\u00e9 d\u00edry uvolnila energie touto cestou, mus\u00ed \u010dern\u00e1 d\u00edra rotovat. \u201eMy sice \u010dern\u00e9 d\u00edry nevid\u00edme p\u0159\u00edmo, ale p\u0159irozenost\u00ed ka\u017ed\u00e9ho objektu ve vesm\u00edru je rotace. P\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1me tedy, \u017ee v\u0161echny \u010dern\u00e9 d\u00edry n\u011bjak rotuj\u00ed. V\u00a0okol\u00ed rotuj\u00edc\u00edch \u010dern\u00fdch d\u011br se pak jednodu\u0161e \u0159e\u010deno neposlu\u0161n\u00e9 nabit\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1stice \u2013 ty kter\u00e9 se nepohybuj\u00ed ve sm\u011bru rotace \u010dern\u00e9 d\u00edry \u2013 stanou nositelem energie, urychl\u00ed se a uniknou pry\u010d. T\u00edm tak\u00e9 kv\u016fli z\u00e1konu zachov\u00e1n\u00ed energie samotn\u00e1 \u010dern\u00e1 d\u00edra \u201estr\u00e1d\u00e1\u201c a projev\u00ed se to na nepatrn\u00e9m zpomalen\u00ed jej\u00ed rotace<\/em>.\u201c Takov\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1stice se dost\u00e1vaj\u00ed do okol\u00ed \u010dern\u00fdch d\u011br z\u00a0rozpadnuv\u0161\u00edch se objekt\u016f \u2013 \u010d\u00edm v\u00edce materi\u00e1lu tedy okolo hmotn\u00e9 \u010dern\u00e9 d\u00edry le\u017e\u00ed, t\u00edm v\u011bt\u0161\u00edm zdrojem radia\u010dn\u00ed energie se \u010dern\u00e1 d\u00edra st\u00e1v\u00e1.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sta\u010d\u00ed, aby byla nabit\u00e1<\/h4>\n

\u010cern\u00e1 d\u00edra nemus\u00ed nutn\u011b rotovat, aby byla zdrojem energie. Sta\u010d\u00ed, aby m\u011bla elektrick\u00fd n\u00e1boj. <\/strong>Tzv. elektrick\u00fd Penros\u016fv proces<\/em> n\u00e1m ukazuje, \u017ee nabit\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1stice, kter\u00e9 naopak do \u010dern\u00e9 d\u00edry spadnou, nab\u00edj\u00ed samotnou \u010dernou d\u00edru. Velikost celkov\u00e9ho n\u00e1boje nem\u016f\u017ee r\u016fst donekone\u010dna, a tak se stane, \u017ee dal\u0161\u00ed spr\u0161ka \u010d\u00e1stic se stejn\u00fdm n\u00e1bojem je \u010dernou d\u00edrou ji\u017e odpuzov\u00e1na. Proto\u017ee v\u00a0okol\u00ed \u010dern\u00e9 d\u00edry panuj\u00ed ob\u0159\u00ed s\u00edly, n\u00e1boj nepohlcen\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stic je odvr\u017een pry\u010d \u2013 t\u00edm rychleji, \u010d\u00edm bl\u00ed\u017ee se oblak \u010d\u00e1stic nach\u00e1z\u00ed k \u010dern\u00e9 d\u00ed\u0159e. Plat\u00ed tak\u00e9, \u017ee \u010d\u00edm v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed n\u00e1boj \u010dern\u00e1 d\u00edra m\u00e1 vzhledem ke sv\u00e9 velikosti, t\u00edm siln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed urychlen\u00ed \u010d\u00e1stice \u010dek\u00e1. \u201e\u00da\u010dinnost takov\u00e9ho z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed je p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 100tis\u00edckr\u00e1t men\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e u magnetick\u00e9ho Penroseova procesu, po\u0159\u00e1d ale m\u016f\u017ee j\u00edt o energie a\u017e miliardkr\u00e1t v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed, ne\u017e v\u00a0jednom okam\u017eiku pot\u0159ebuje na\u0161e civilizace<\/em>,\u201c upozor\u0148uje dr. Martin Kolo\u0161, spoluautor v\u011bdeck\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce.<\/p>\n

Nebezpe\u010d\u00ed pro celou galaxii<\/h4>\n

Penroseovy procesy se objevuj\u00ed s\u00a0nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinnost\u00ed u superhmotn\u00fdch \u010dern\u00fdch d\u011br v\u00a0j\u00e1drech velk\u00fdch galaxi\u00ed. Ze Zem\u011b pozorujeme i tzv. aktivn\u00ed galaxie<\/em>, tedy ty, v\u00a0jejich j\u00e1d\u0159e jsou \u010dern\u00e9 d\u00edry mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u011b radia\u010dn\u011b aktivn\u00ed. Pr\u00e1v\u011b takov\u00e9 galaxie jsou kv\u016fli extr\u00e9mn\u011b siln\u00fdm radia\u010dn\u00edm tok\u016fm ze sv\u00e9 centr\u00e1ln\u00ed \u010dern\u00e9 d\u00edry naprosto nehostinn\u00fdm m\u00edstem pro \u017eivot. B\u011bhem p\u0159ekotn\u00fdch jev\u016f \u2013 kdy\u017e takov\u00e1 \u010dern\u00e1 d\u00edra pohlt\u00ed mohutn\u00fd oblak hv\u011bzdn\u00e9 l\u00e1tky \u2013 se toti\u017e uvol\u0148uj\u00ed velk\u00e9 toky proton\u016f, iont\u016f i voln\u00fdch elektron\u016f, kter\u00e9 jsou \u0159\u00e1dov\u011b 100miliardkr\u00e1t siln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, ne\u017e jak\u00e9 zn\u00e1me u slune\u010dn\u00edch erupc\u00ed. Planeta podobn\u00e1 Zemi by proto \u017eivot na sv\u00e9m povrchu sv\u00fdm magnetick\u00fdm \u0161t\u00edtem neuchr\u00e1nila, by\u0165 by ob\u00edhala hv\u011bzdu le\u017e\u00edc\u00ed na sam\u00e9m okraji dan\u00e9 galaxie. Je\u0161t\u011b dalekos\u00e1hlej\u0161\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinky m\u00e1 pak radiace uvoln\u011bn\u00e1 z\u00a0p\u00f3l\u016f \u010dern\u00e9 d\u00edry, v\u00a0tzv. jetech<\/em>. Takov\u00e1 energie urychlen\u00e1 zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fdmi jevy m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt nedoz\u00edrn\u00e9 n\u00e1sledky i do v\u011bt\u0161\u00edch vzd\u00e1lenost\u00ed.<\/p>\n

V na\u0161\u00ed Galaxii jsme ve st\u0159ehu, \u0159e\u0161en\u00edm je odst\u00edn\u011bn\u00ed betonem<\/h4>\n

\u017de se na\u0161e \u010dern\u00e1 d\u00edra chyst\u00e1 vyslat nebezpe\u010dnou radiaci, bychom poznali ze z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed v\u00a0ergosf\u00e9\u0159e \u010dern\u00e9 d\u00edry.<\/strong> \u201ePakli\u017ee bychom zjistili vzr\u016fst energie v\u00a0ergosf\u00e9\u0159e, znamenalo by to, \u017ee se zes\u00edlil radia\u010dn\u00ed Penros\u016fv proces. Ten zesiluje ostatn\u00ed energetick\u00e9 procesy a je defacto indik\u00e1torem budouc\u00edho velk\u00e9ho uvoln\u011bn\u00ed energie. Lid\u00e9 na Zemi by se tak p\u0159ed potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed smrtelnou radiac\u00ed museli schovat do podzemn\u00edch betonov\u00fdch bunkr\u016f a setrvat tam n\u011bkolik dn\u00ed a\u017e t\u00fddn\u016f, dokud se \u00farove\u0148 radiace na povrchu nevr\u00e1t\u00ed k\u00a0norm\u00e1lu<\/em>.\u201c shrnuje z\u00e1v\u011bry studie dr. Kolo\u0161.<\/p>\n

\u201e\u010cern\u00e1 d\u00edra v\u00a0centru na\u0161\u00ed Galaxie je pom\u011brn\u011b klidn\u00e1<\/em>,\u201c uklid\u0148uje prof. Zden\u011bk Stuchl\u00edk, \u0159editel Fyzik\u00e1ln\u00edho \u00fastavu v\u00a0Opav\u011b a spoluautor v\u011bdeck\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce. \u201eAle m\u011bli bychom p\u0159esto b\u00fdt na pozoru. Kdyby nap\u0159\u00edklad centr\u00e1ln\u00ed \u010dern\u00e1 d\u00edra pohltila objekt se siln\u00fdm magnetick\u00fdm polem, tzv. magnetar \u2013 kter\u00fdch v\u00a0jej\u00edm okol\u00ed n\u011bkolik je \u2013 tato kolize by vyvolala velmi p\u0159ekotn\u00fd jev urychluj\u00edc\u00ed nabit\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1stice v\u0161emi sm\u011bry, tedy i k\u00a0Zemi. Tak\u017ee by bylo dobr\u00e9 procesy v\u00a0centru Galaxie sledovat. Nep\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1me ale, \u017ee by n\u00e1s zas\u00e1hla i radiace z\u00a0jet\u016f, podle dostupn\u00fdch pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed rota\u010dn\u00ed p\u00f3ly na\u0161\u00ed centr\u00e1ln\u00ed \u010dern\u00e9 d\u00edry nem\u00ed\u0159\u00ed na\u0161\u00edm sm\u011brem.<\/em>\u201c<\/p>\n

Video: Z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed \u010dern\u00fdch d\u011br (prof. Zden\u011bk Stuchl\u00edk a dr. Arman Tursunov)<\/strong><\/h4>\n