{"id":1386,"date":"2021-07-23T06:00:48","date_gmt":"2021-07-23T04:00:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.astro-novinky.eu\/?p=1386"},"modified":"2021-07-22T12:09:31","modified_gmt":"2021-07-22T10:09:31","slug":"opavsti-fyzikove-objevili-superhmotnou-cernou-diru","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.astro-novinky.eu\/index.php\/2021\/07\/23\/opavsti-fyzikove-objevili-superhmotnou-cernou-diru\/","title":{"rendered":"Opav\u0161t\u00ed fyzikov\u00e9 objevili superhmotnou \u010dernou d\u00edru"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"Tzv.<\/a>
Tzv. aktivn\u00ed galaxie obsahuj\u00ed ve sv\u00fdch j\u00e1drech superhmotn\u00e9 \u010dern\u00e9 d\u00edry. Zdroj: ESO.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u010cern\u00e9 d\u00edry pat\u0159\u00ed mezi nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a z\u00e1rove\u0148 nejm\u00e9n\u011b prostudovan\u00e9 objekty ve vesm\u00edru. Jejich existence ji\u017e byla prok\u00e1z\u00e1na, ale jejich skute\u010dn\u00e1 podstata je st\u00e1le p\u0159edm\u011btem b\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed. Fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00fastav v\u00a0Opav\u011b pat\u0159\u00ed mezi sv\u011btovou \u0161pi\u010dku ve v\u00fdzkumu pr\u00e1v\u011b (a nejen) t\u011bchto exotick\u00fdch kosmick\u00fdch objekt\u016f, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e fyzikov\u00e9 se o \u010dern\u00fdch d\u00edr\u00e1ch sna\u017e\u00ed co nejv\u00edce dozv\u011bd\u011bt ze sledov\u00e1n\u00ed objekt\u016f, kter\u00e9 \u010dern\u00e9 d\u00edry ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed. T\u00fdm pod veden\u00edm prof. Abramowicze p\u0159i\u0161el s\u00a0n\u00e1padem, jak \u010dern\u00e9 d\u00edry \u2013 kter\u00e9 samy vid\u011bt nejsou \u2013 zv\u00e1\u017eit pomoc\u00ed specifick\u00e9ho z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed uvoln\u011bn\u00e9ho v\u00a0jejich okol\u00ed. D\u00edky tomu ur\u010dili hmotnost jedn\u00e9 z doposud nejt\u011b\u017e\u0161\u00edch pozorovan\u00fdch \u010dern\u00fdch d\u011br ve vesm\u00edru.<\/p>\n

Tiskov\u00e1 zpr\u00e1va Fyzik\u00e1ln\u00edho \u00fastavu v Opav\u011b z 23. \u010dervence 2021.<\/em><\/p>\n

Pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed neviditeln\u00e9ho<\/h4>\n

\u010cern\u00e9 d\u00edry jsou mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u011b hmotn\u00fdmi kosmick\u00fdmi objekty, kter\u00e9 vznikaj\u00ed zhroucen\u00edm hv\u011bzdn\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu do mal\u00e9ho a nesm\u00edrn\u011b hust\u00e9ho t\u011blesa. D\u00edky tomu na sv\u00e9 okol\u00ed p\u016fsob\u00ed tak siln\u00fdm gravita\u010dn\u00edm polem, \u017ee dok\u00e1\u017e\u00ed v\u00fdrazn\u011b oh\u00fdbat i sv\u011btlo a ve sv\u00e9 t\u011bsn\u00e9 bl\u00edzkosti dokonce \u010d\u00e1stice sv\u011btla \u2013 fotony \u2013 docela uv\u011bznit. Z\u00a0toho d\u016fvodu je p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed \u010dern\u00fdch d\u011br zcela nemo\u017en\u00e9 a astrofyzikov\u00e9 se k\u00a0ur\u010den\u00ed vlastnost\u00ed dan\u00e9 \u010dern\u00ed d\u00edry musej\u00ed zam\u011b\u0159it na chov\u00e1n\u00ed materi\u00e1lu v\u00a0jejich okol\u00ed. Interakce \u010dern\u00fdch d\u011br s\u00a0t\u00edmto materi\u00e1lem se projevuje velmi specifick\u00fdm rentgenov\u00fdm z\u00e1\u0159en\u00edm a fyzikov\u00e9 nyn\u00ed p\u0159i\u0161li na to, jak je mo\u017en\u00e9 z\u00a0jeho vlastnost\u00ed odhadnout hmotnost \u010dern\u00e9 d\u00edry.<\/p>\n

Nezn\u00e1m\u00fd d\u011bj, zn\u00e1m\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky<\/h4>\n

Pozorov\u00e1n\u00edm z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed z\u00a0materi\u00e1lu nedaleko \u010dern\u00fdch d\u011br se poda\u0159ilo objevit velice zaj\u00edmav\u00fd jev: p\u0159esnou periodicitu \u201ed\u00e1vek\u201c rentgenov\u00e9ho z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed. Periodicita je to p\u0159itom doslova kosmicky rychl\u00e1 \u2013 v\u00a0\u0159\u00e1du des\u00edtek a\u017e stovek hertz\u016f. Pro lep\u0161\u00ed pochopen\u00ed: P\u0159edstavme si, \u017ee by toto z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed vys\u00edlal n\u011bjak\u00fd ot\u00e1\u010dej\u00edc\u00ed se maj\u00e1k. V takov\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b by se musel za jednu sekundu oto\u010dit stokr\u00e1t. Astrofyzikov\u00e9 porovnali pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed tohoto jevu u n\u011bkolika lokalizovan\u00fdch \u010dern\u00fdch d\u011br v\u00a0na\u0161\u00ed Galaxii a zjistili, \u017ee d\u011bj zp\u016fsobuj\u00edc\u00ed zm\u011bnu \u201ed\u00e1vek\u201c rentgenov\u00e9ho z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed prob\u00edh\u00e1 velmi bl\u00edzko \u010dern\u00e9 d\u00edry, v\u00a0oblastech s\u00a0velmi siln\u00fdm gravita\u010dn\u00edm polem. M\u011b\u0159en\u00edm t\u011bchto d\u00e1vek pak lze zjistit vlastnosti samotn\u00fdch d\u011br. Samotn\u00e1 p\u0159\u00ed\u010dina periodick\u00fdch rentgenov\u00fdch z\u00e1blesk\u016f v\u00a0bl\u00edzkosti \u010dern\u00fdch d\u011br v\u0161ak zat\u00edm z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 z\u00e1hadou.<\/p>\n

M\u011b\u0159en\u00ed t\u011bch nejhmotn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch<\/h4>\n

Na z\u00e1klad\u011b pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed tohoto zaj\u00edmav\u00e9ho jevu se t\u00fdm v\u011bdc\u016f pod veden\u00edm prof. Marka Abramovicze, pracovn\u00edka Fyzik\u00e1ln\u00edho \u00fastavu v Opav\u011b, pokusil nam\u011b\u0159it hodnoty periodick\u00fdch zm\u011bn rentgenov\u00e9ho z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed v\u00a0okol\u00ed v\u00fdrazn\u011b hmotn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch \u010dern\u00fdch d\u011br \u2013 t\u011bch, co se nach\u00e1z\u00ed v\u00a0centrech velk\u00fdch galaxi\u00ed. U t\u011bchto \u010dern\u00fdch d\u011br byla frekvence v\u00fdrazn\u011b ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed \u2013 \u0159\u00e1dov\u011b v\u00a0jednotk\u00e1ch minut a\u017e hodin.\u00a0 V\u011bdci z\u00a0pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed tohoto jevu u r\u016fzn\u00fdch \u010dern\u00fdch d\u011br navrhli zp\u016fsob, jak ur\u010dit jejich hmotnosti.<\/p>\n

Superhmotn\u00e1 \u010dern\u00e1 d\u00edra o hmotnosti miliard Slunc\u00ed<\/h4>\n

Astrofyzikov\u00e9 touto metodou odhadli hmotnosti hned n\u011bkolika \u010dern\u00fdch d\u011br, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e obvykle se hodnoty pohybovaly od statis\u00edc\u016f do mili\u00f3n\u016f slune\u010dn\u00edch hmotnost\u00ed. Anal\u00fdze jedn\u00e9 \u010dern\u00e9 d\u00edry s\u00a0t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 nezapamatovateln\u011b dlouh\u00fdm n\u00e1zvem se v\u011bnovala i studentka Fyzik\u00e1ln\u00edho \u00fastavu v\u00a0Opav\u011b Mgr. Kate\u0159ina Klimovi\u010dov\u00e1 (d\u0159\u00edve Goluchov\u00e1) a dosp\u011bla k\u00a0unik\u00e1tn\u00edmu zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed: \u201eZm\u011b\u0159ili jsme frekvenci zm\u011bny rentgenov\u00e9ho z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed u aktivn\u00edho galaktick\u00e9ho j\u00e1dra s nev\u00e1bn\u00fdm n\u00e1zvem XMMU J134736.6+173403 v\u00a0souhv\u011bzd\u00ed Past\u00fd\u0159e a byli jsme opravdu p\u0159ekvapeni. Odhad hmotnosti, jeho\u017e nep\u0159esnost je d\u00e1na nezn\u00e1mou vzd\u00e1lenost\u00ed pozorovan\u00fdch rentgenov\u00fdch d\u00e1vek od \u010dern\u00e9 d\u00edry, se pohybuje n\u011bkde mezi 10 miliony a\u017e 1 miliardou hmotnost\u00ed Slunce!\u201c<\/em><\/p>\n

Podpo\u0159eni\u00a0Grantovou Agenturou \u010cesk\u00e9\u00a0republiky<\/h4>\n

Dal\u0161\u00edmi zaj\u00edmav\u00fdmi objekty v<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>hled<\/strong>\u00e1\u010d<\/strong>ku opavsk<\/strong>\u00fd<\/strong>ch fyzik<\/strong>\u016f<\/strong> jsou tzv.<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong>mikrokvazary<\/strong>,\u00a0<\/strong>tedy \u010dern\u00e9 d\u00edry v\u00a0centrech mal\u00fdch galaxi\u00ed.\u00a0Je zn\u00e1mo, \u017ee z\u00a0t\u011bchto typ\u016f exotick\u00fdch objekt\u016f unikaj\u00ed p\u0159i doposud nepochopen\u00fdch jevech nepravideln\u00e9 d\u00e1vky vysokoenergetick\u00e9ho z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed.\u00a0 \u201eV uplynul\u00fdch letech jsme ji\u017e p\u0159isp\u011bli k \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed tohoto d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9ho otev\u0159en\u00e9ho astronomick\u00e9ho probl\u00e9mu. Spo\u010d\u00edtali a ov\u011b\u0159ili jsme, \u017ee za\u00a0n\u00edm stoj\u00ed mnoho jev\u016f, kter\u00e9 se odehr\u00e1vaj\u00ed v<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>okol<\/em>\u00ed<\/em> t<\/em>\u011b<\/em>chto <\/em>\u010d<\/em>ern<\/em>\u00fd<\/em>ch d<\/em>\u011b<\/em>r, v<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>tzv. akre<\/em>\u010d<\/em>n<\/em>\u00ed<\/em>ch disc<\/em>\u00ed<\/em>ch. Tedy v<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>prstenc<\/em>\u00ed<\/em>ch hork<\/em>\u00e9<\/em> hmoty rotuj<\/em>\u00ed<\/em>c<\/em>\u00ed<\/em> okolo <\/em>\u010d<\/em>ern<\/em>\u00fd<\/em>ch d<\/em>\u011b<\/em>r.<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>Ostatn<\/em>\u011b<\/em> to, <\/em>\u017e<\/em>e n<\/em>\u011b<\/em>jakou <\/em>\u010d<\/em>ernou d<\/em>\u00ed<\/em>ru pozorujeme, je umo<\/em>\u017e<\/em>n<\/em>\u011b<\/em>no jen d<\/em>\u00ed<\/em>ky jejich interakci s<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>hmotou okolo. Akre<\/em>\u010d<\/em>n<\/em>\u00ed<\/em> disky<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>jednak samy z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed, z\u00e1rove\u0148 odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed sv\u011btlo a chovaj\u00ed se podle n\u00e1m zat\u00edm ne \u00fapln\u011b vyjasn\u011bn\u00fdch pravidel. Rychlost rotace t\u011bchto disk\u016f je v<\/em>\u00a0<\/em>n<\/em>\u011b<\/em>kter<\/em>\u00fd<\/em>ch m<\/em>\u00ed<\/em>stech bl<\/em>\u00ed<\/em>zk<\/em>\u00e1<\/em> rychlosti sv<\/em>\u011b<\/em>tla<\/em> a nutn\u011b<\/em> zva<\/em>\u017e<\/em>ujeme i velmi siln\u00e9 tzv. relativistick<\/em>\u00e9<\/em> jevy podobn<\/em>\u00e9<\/em> t<\/em>\u011b<\/em>m slab\u0161\u00edm, kter\u00e9 jsou zn<\/em>\u00e1<\/em>my u<\/em>\u017e<\/em> v<\/em>\u00ed<\/em>ce jak 100 let, jako\u00a0je nap\u0159\u00edklad st\u00e1\u010den\u00ed perihelia planety Merkur. Mnoh\u00e9 zat\u00edm z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 nevysv\u011btleno\u00a0\u2013 zejm\u00e9na periodick\u00e9 zm\u011bny z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed t\u011bchto disk\u016f. A na to se d\u00e1le chceme zam\u011b\u0159it<\/em>,\u201c popisuje doc. Gabriel\u00a0T\u00f6r\u00f6k, vedouc\u00ed projektu.<\/p>\n

V\u00fdsledky projektu\u00a0byly vloni uzn\u00e1ny za vynikaj\u00edc\u00ed v\u00a0Grantov\u00e9\u00a0agentu\u0159e\u00a0\u010cesk\u00e9 republiky (GA \u010cR). Ve spolupr\u00e1ci s\u00a0v\u011bdci z\u00a0Astronomick\u00e9ho \u00fastavu Akademie v\u011bd se opav\u0161t\u00ed fyzikov\u00e9 v\u00a0r\u00e1mci nov\u011b schv\u00e1len\u00e9ho projektu sout\u011b\u017ee excelence v\u00a0z\u00e1kladn\u00edm v\u00fdzkumu EXPRO v\u00a0leto\u0161n\u00edm roce vrhaj\u00ed vst\u0159\u00edc\u00a0hled\u00e1n\u00ed dal\u0161\u00edch odpov\u011bd\u00ed na zat\u00edm otev\u0159en\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se objekt\u016f, kter\u00e9 jsou v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b z n\u00e1s zn\u00e1m\u00e9 doposud jen z\u00a0oblasti science fiction.\u00a0Je ale\u00a0mo\u017en\u00e9, \u017ee za nejnov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zaj\u00edmavosti o \u010dern\u00fdch d\u011br\u00e1ch a podobn\u00fdch objektech v\u00a0nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00edch dokument\u00e1rn\u00edch s\u00e9ri\u00edch \u010di populariza\u010dn\u00edch \u010dl\u00e1nc\u00edch budeme op\u011bt vd\u011b\u010dit neutuchaj\u00edc\u00ed invenci\u00a0v\u011bdc\u016f z\u00a0Fyzik\u00e1ln\u00edho \u00fastavu v\u00a0Opav\u011b.<\/p>\n

Kontakty a dal\u0161\u00ed informace:<\/h4>\n

Mgr. Kate\u0159ina Klimovi\u010dov\u00e1<\/strong>
\nFyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00fastav SU v\u00a0Opav\u011b,<\/em>
\nV\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 centrum teoretick\u00e9 fyziky a astrofyziky<\/em>
\nEmail:\u00a0katerina.klimovicova@physics.slu.cz<\/a>
\nTelefon: +420 553 684\u00a0547<\/p>\n

prof. Marek Abramowicz, Ph.D. <\/strong>(anglicky, polsky)
\nFyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00fastav SU v\u00a0Opav\u011b,<\/em>
\nThe University of Gothenburg, Sweden<\/em>
\nEmail: marek.abramowicz@physics.slu.cz<\/a>, marek.abramowicz@physics.gu.se<\/a><\/p>\n

Mgr. Debora Lan\u010dov\u00e1<\/strong>
\nFyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00fastav SU v\u00a0Opav\u011b<\/em>
\nEmail:\u00a0debora.lancova@physics.slu.cz
\n<\/a>Telefon: +420\u00a0776\u00a0072\u00a0756<\/p>\n

Bc. Petr Hor\u00e1lek<\/strong>
\nPR v\u00fdstup\u016f evropsk\u00fdch projekt\u016f F\u00da SU v Opav\u011b<\/em>
\nEmail:\u00a0petr.horalek@slu.cz
\n<\/a>Telefon: +420\u00a0732\u00a0826\u00a0853<\/p>\n

doc. RNDr. Gabriel\u00a0T\u00f6r\u00f6k, Ph.D.<\/strong>
\nGarant evropsk\u00e9ho projektu HR\u00a0Award<\/em>
\nEmail:\u00a0gabriel.torok@physics.cz
\n<\/a>Telefon: +420\u00a0737\u00a0928\u00a0755<\/p>\n

Bc.\u00a0Kl\u00e1ra Jan\u010d\u00edkov\u00e1<\/strong>
\nSekretari\u00e1t Fyzik\u00e1ln\u00edho \u00fastavu v Opav\u011b<\/em>
\nEmail:\u00a0klara.jancikova@slu.cz<\/a>
\nTelefon: +420\u202f553\u202f684\u202f267<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u010cern\u00e9 d\u00edry pat\u0159\u00ed mezi nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a z\u00e1rove\u0148 nejm\u00e9n\u011b prostudovan\u00e9 objekty ve vesm\u00edru. Jejich existence ji\u017e byla prok\u00e1z\u00e1na, ale jejich skute\u010dn\u00e1 podstata je st\u00e1le p\u0159edm\u011btem b\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed. Fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00fastav v\u00a0Opav\u011b pat\u0159\u00ed mezi sv\u011btovou \u0161pi\u010dku ve v\u00fdzkumu pr\u00e1v\u011b (a nejen) t\u011bchto exotick\u00fdch kosmick\u00fdch objekt\u016f, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e fyzikov\u00e9 se o \u010dern\u00fdch d\u00edr\u00e1ch sna\u017e\u00ed co nejv\u00edce dozv\u011bd\u011bt ze sledov\u00e1n\u00ed objekt\u016f, kter\u00e9 \u010dern\u00e9 d\u00edry ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed. T\u00fdm pod veden\u00edm prof. Abramowicze p\u0159i\u0161el s\u00a0n\u00e1padem, jak \u010dern\u00e9 d\u00edry \u2013 kter\u00e9 samy vid\u011bt nejsou \u2013 zv\u00e1\u017eit pomoc\u00ed specifick\u00e9ho z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed uvoln\u011bn\u00e9ho v\u00a0jejich okol\u00ed. D\u00edky tomu ur\u010dili hmotnost jedn\u00e9 z doposud nejt\u011b\u017e\u0161\u00edch pozorovan\u00fdch \u010dern\u00fdch d\u011br ve vesm\u00edru.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":1389,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"colormag_page_container_layout":"default_layout","colormag_page_sidebar_layout":"default_layout","video_url":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[26,27,29],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1386","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-aktuality","category-clanky","category-vesmir"],"yoast_head":"\nOpav\u0161t\u00ed fyzikov\u00e9 objevili superhmotnou \u010dernou d\u00edru - Astro-novinky.eu<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.astro-novinky.eu\/index.php\/2021\/07\/23\/opavsti-fyzikove-objevili-superhmotnou-cernou-diru\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"sk_SK\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Opav\u0161t\u00ed fyzikov\u00e9 objevili superhmotnou \u010dernou d\u00edru - Astro-novinky.eu\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u010cern\u00e9 d\u00edry pat\u0159\u00ed mezi nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a z\u00e1rove\u0148 nejm\u00e9n\u011b prostudovan\u00e9 objekty ve vesm\u00edru. 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